A Feminist Analysis of Perceval, Tristan and Isolt, and Aucassin and Ni

A Feminist Analysis of Perceval, Tristan and Isolt, and Aucassin and Nicolette Currently, there is a literary argument among feminists as to whether the demeaning portrayal of women in popular media causes or is caused by negative attitudes in modern floriculture. A similar debate exists among historians of the late halfway ages as to whether the rise in popularity of the cult of the Virgin, her portrayal in art, and the code of chivalry caused or was caused by changing attitudes towards women. Many factors in the late middle ages coincided to constitute an entirely impudently role for women contact with the Muslim world in Spain, the rising popularity of religious life, and the aforementioned cultural changes. All of these factors are intertwined with the new attitudes that arose well-nigh women. Virginity became exalted, femininity was lauded, courtly love turned women into objects of devotion rather than objects of desire. In short, women were placed on a pedestal. The cu ltural paradox of this shift in attitudes is that by being placed on that pedestal, women became objects rather than individuals. This dichotomy between respect for women as a group and respect for individual women is intelligibly shown in tercet Medieval Romances. Perceval, Tristan and Isolt, and Aucassin and Nicolette may vary greatly in plot, tone and style, entirely the underlying assumption is the same. In the Medieval Romance, women may be objects of devotion, but they are still merely objects to earned, won, owned and dominated. The first example of this attitude is the saga of the damsel whom Perceval boorishly assaults. This woman, never named, is utterly enslaved and abused by men. Perceval, not heeding her protests, forces her into a compromise situation and then robs he... ...band is a Muslim. The Christian king of Biaucaire, by contrast, does not honor her right to self-determination. The Muslim roots of Nicolettes relative granting immunity service of process as one answer to the question of whether this literature is derivative of the culture or whether it shaped the culture. From this evidence, it seems that the former is true. The pervasiveness of the oppressive attitudes demonstrated in these texts show clearly the divided view of women in the late middle ages. The respect of womanhood which was so central to the chivalric code did not translate into greater freedom for women themselves. advanced opponents of feminism claim that the Womens Movement has reversed this dichotomy, namely that individual freedoms have devalued women as a group. Perhaps we should ask why our culture has a problem with valuing womanhood and valuing women concurrently. A Feminist Analysis of Perceval, Tristan and Isolt, and Aucassin and NiA Feminist Analysis of Perceval, Tristan and Isolt, and Aucassin and Nicolette Currently, there is a debate among feminists as to whether the demeaning portrayal of women in popular media causes or is caus ed by negative attitudes in modern culture. A similar debate exists among historians of the late middle ages as to whether the rise in popularity of the cult of the Virgin, her portrayal in art, and the code of chivalry caused or was caused by changing attitudes towards women. Many factors in the late middle ages coincided to create an entirely new role for women contact with the Muslim world in Spain, the rising popularity of religious life, and the aforementioned cultural changes. All of these factors are intertwined with the new attitudes that arose around women. Virginity became exalted, femininity was lauded, courtly love turned women into objects of devotion rather than objects of desire. In short, women were placed on a pedestal. The cultural paradox of this shift in attitudes is that by being placed on that pedestal, women became objects rather than individuals. This dichotomy between respect for women as a group and respect for individual women is clearly shown in three Me dieval Romances. Perceval, Tristan and Isolt, and Aucassin and Nicolette may vary greatly in plot, tone and style, but the underlying assumption is the same. In the Medieval Romance, women may be objects of devotion, but they are still merely objects to earned, won, owned and dominated. The first example of this attitude is the saga of the damsel whom Perceval boorishly assaults. This woman, never named, is utterly enslaved and abused by men. Perceval, not heeding her protests, forces her into a compromising situation and then robs he... ...band is a Muslim. The Christian king of Biaucaire, by contrast, does not honor her right to self-determination. The Muslim roots of Nicolettes relative freedom serve as one answer to the question of whether this literature is derivative of the culture or whether it shaped the culture. From this evidence, it seems that the former is true. The pervasiveness of the oppressive attitudes demonstrated in these texts show clearly the dichotomous view of women in the late middle ages. The respect of womanhood which was so central to the chivalric code did not translate into greater freedom for women themselves. Modern opponents of feminism claim that the Womens Movement has reversed this dichotomy, namely that individual freedoms have devalued women as a group. Perhaps we should ask why our culture has a problem with valuing womanhood and valuing women concurrently.

Jewish Contributions to the Early Civil Rights Movement Essay -- The Ci

In many ways, the 1950s planted the seeds for the progress of the 60s. Glimpses of the rebellious generation, who would later find its way to the anti-War protests, are name throughout the fifties, specifically in movies like Rebel Without a Cause and more overtly in Jack Kerouac?s On The Road. The move away from conformity and towards more of an individualistic mentality began in the somewhat closed circles of the Beat causal agent and spread throughout America during the sixties. The Montgomery Bus Boycotts and dark-brown V. Board of Education were great precursors to the revolutionary civil rights legislation of the mid sixties. Whereas for most of the aforementioned societal changes, the 50s only exhibited hints of what was to come in the sixties, members of the civil rights movement built an impressive resume and did more than merely build a base for the 60s. The fifties marked a time when civil rights began to take trend stage for many Americans and served as the call to a ction for African-Americans. Blacks decided that they would no longer sit around waiting for change, but that they were going to get up and right the wrongs of the North and South. Tremendous historical events, some which took days and some which took years, were planned and successfully carried out in this decade. Individuals were mobilized, great leaders emerged, and powerful organizations took substance stage. But, the African-Americans were certainly not alone. Along with them stood Whites of all backgrounds and religions, of all social classes and perspectives, and of all reasons and justifications.American Jews, who had the unenviable predicament of being both White and a persecuted minority, disproportionately involved themselves with the struggle against s... ...ms Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community p.41. 19. Greenberg, Cheryl. The Southern Jewish Community and the Struggle for polished Rights. 20. Dollinger, Marc. Hamans and Torquemadas Southern and Northern Jewish Responses to the Civil Rights Movement 1945-1965 21. Webb, Clive. Fight Against Fear Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights. p. 45-56 22. Dollinger, Marc. The Quest For Inclusion Jews and Liberalism in Modern America. p. 167 23. Schneier, Rabbi Marc. Shared Dreams Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community. p. 40 24. Schneier, Rabbi Marc. Shared Dreams Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community. p. 62 25. Rose, Peter. Blacks and Jews The Strained Alliance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 454, March 1981. p. 55

College - Is it Worth it? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

College - Is it Worth it?   Right now in our society a college teaching is no longer an option or privilege, but rather a necessity. We are practically raised and conditioned to believe that one needs higher education in order to succeed in life. There is a saying that says if you think education is expensive, try ignorance. But as technology is constantly travel and computers are running almost anything, is a college education really necessary? There are flock whom have never set foot in a college and are doing better than great deal who have their masters degree. There are views from both sides that contain a valid argument.   The main reason why people go to college is not because they want to but because they have to. Most high school seniors are pressured by their guidance counselors and parents to go to college because it is the right thing to do. In the essay that Caroline Bird wrote College is a Waste of Time and Money, she states that students go to college because . . . Mother wanted them to go, or some other reason tout ensemble irrelevant to the course of studies for which college is supposedly organized. (481) The student may have different ideas about what he or she wants to do in life, but because they think that these mentors accredit what is best for them, they probably end up doing something they do not want to do, resulting in being miserable and resentful.   Lets face it, going to college is socially prestigious. Most people go to college only for the title of being called a college student. For some young people, it is a graceful way to get away from home and become fissiparous without losing the financial support of their parents. (Bird 484) They do not want to be looked down upon so they do what would look best in the eyes of society. It is practically hum into our heads that in order to be a productive citizen of society, you should have some sort of college education. Being a college stude nt is perhaps a more sound role than being, for example, a janitor or a garbage man because of the negative connotations such jobs receive.

Women in the Progressive Era Essay -- American History

In the 1890s, American women emerged as a major force for social reform. Millions joined civic organizations and extended their roles from domestic duties to concerns about(predicate) their communities and environments. These years, between 1890 and 1920, were a time of legion(predicate) social changes that later became known as the Progressive Era. In this time era, millions of Americans organized associations to come up with solutions to the many problems that society was facing, and many of these problems were staring American women right in the face.Women began to speak out against the laws that were deliberately set against them. Throughout this time period, women were denied the right to vote in solely federal and most state held elections. Women struggled to achieve equality equality as citizens, equality in the work place, and equality at home. During this time, Americans worked to fight corruption in government, reduce the power of big business, and improve society as a whole. Just as the Irish cute good work and the farmers wanted a good banking system, women wanted equality. Women and womens organizations worked for various rights for different groups of people. They not only worked to gain the right to vote, they also worked for political equality and for social reforms. But how did this all start to happen? It didnt happen overnight, and it wasnt a one-person battle. Women wanted the same rights as men already had. But they didnt skillful stop there, women played a major role in the rise of the child labor laws, stood up for minorities, and they wanted prostitution to end. Most people who irrelevant woman suffrage believed that women were less intelligent and less able to make political decisions than men were. Opponents argued th... ...75 Suffragists. Womens Studies.(29 October 2003).Berkeley, Kathleen C. The Womens Liberation Movement in America. Westport,Connecticut Greenwood Press, 1999.Frankel, Voralee and Nancy Schrom Dye. Gender. Cla ss, Race, and Reform in theProgressive Era. Lexington, Kentucky University Press of Kentucky, 1991.Freeman, Julie. The Progressive Era. 11 February 2002.(04 November 2003).Kerber, Linda K., Alice Kessler-Hessler and Kathryn Kish Sklar. US History as WomensHistory. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1995. animate the Legacy The Womens Rights Movement 1848 - 1998. The National WomensHistory Project. 1997. (30 October 2003).Muncy, Dr. Robyn. Women in the Progressive Era. 30 March 2003.(04 November 2003).Schneider, Dorothy. American Women in the Progressive Era 1900-1920. New York Facts on File, 1993.

Analysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay -- Dream Deferred

Analysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Dreams are the driving force of America today. E truly psyche has some sort of dreams and or goals. Although in life everyone has dreams and goals, there are obviously more struggles for some ethnic groups than for others. The poem, Dream Deferred, by Langston Hughes, is one mans way of his dreams during a arduous time period. As a black man in a time period where African-Americans were considered an inferior group of people,dreams and goals would have been difficult to realize. Langston Hughes aptly expresses his frustrations in his poem, Dream Deferred. As people read this poem, in any time period, they can relate to the simple universal message that the poet expressed. Hughes is very expressive in how he feels about dreams he has had and the fact and his frustration at not being able to pursue and/or fulfill those dreams that he is unable to pursue or fulfill those dreams. In his poem, Hughes asks the reader to think by posing the question, ?What happens to a dream deferred??(1). This first li...

Bi sexuality of emily dickinson Essay examples -- essays papers

Bi sexuality of emily dickinson The inner-workings of Emily Dickinsons mind continue to be an enigma to literary scholars, worldwide. Dickinsons agoraphobia caused her to spicy a solitary and secluded life in her Amherst, Massachusetts home for a large portion of her life. She rarely received visitors, and in her mature geezerhood she never went out (Ferguson, et. al. 1895). It is also known that she was in love with a married slice (no one knows for sure exactly who this man was) who eventually stop their relationship and this left her very distraught. Some scholars believe that at one point in her life, Dickinson suffered a nervous breakdown, possibly caused by the break-up of the relationship. A char named Rebecca Patterson exposed the most dramatic and shocking revelation about Emily Dickinsons life. Pattersons discovered that many of the emotional love poems that Dickinson wrote were addressed to wo custody. She published her findings in a 1951 book entitled The Rid dle of Emily Dickinson. It was later found out that Dickinson wrote many letters of sexual fantasy and longing to several women. The most illustrious of these women was her good friend and sister-in-law, Sue Gilbert. The discovery of Dickinsons affection for woman does not contradict the fact that she was deeply in love with a man at some point in her life. There are many love poems that Dickinson wrote to men. In todays society, Emily would probably be considered a bi-sexual. homosexual thoughts and tendencies were not a possibility during Dickinsons time because the idea of homosexuality had yet to be socially constructed. That is the reason she had to hide the true intentions of her meter. The love poems that Dickinson wrote to men are distinc... ... life. The last four lines in the poem specify the seeking of an emotional attachment to a woman. Dickinsons reference to the other womans heart as a home implies that fact. Other examples of her poetry show that Dickinson was not receiving the emotional support she needed from heterosexual relationships, so she looked for it elsewhere. Emily Dickinsons poetry not only contributed extensively to the world of literature but it also helped inspire the female voice to break free from the shackles of oppression that society hardened upon it. Her writing told women that it was o.k. for them to express their feelings, hardships, and desires no matter how taboo the subject might have been or how negatively society would have perceived them. For these reasons Emily Dickinsons literary productions and poetry will continue to be studied and admired by women for generations to come.

Courbet Stonebreakers

Courbets Stonebreakers Courbets stonebreakers is a photograph drawn by Gustave Courbet and shit been seen by two different art historians who write close to their opinions about Courbets meaning behind his painting. Courbets painting can either be interpreted as a painting that shows in detail hardship and emotion of manual labor, or a painting that just a simile as an act of painting, but the under place uprighting of it as hardship and emotion of manual labor is more sufficient because by the looks of the two workforce it reminds me of times where back in the day everything was done manually.Linda Nochlin is one of the art historians who argues about how some people dont really understand the meaning of Courbets painting. She tries to explain how in his painting he shows us how manual labor really is. He expressed how real it use to be and how demanding it was for those at the time of 1849. She believes that many people just see his painting as two workers just breaking ston es with lack of aerial perspective. Michael Fried another(prenominal) art historian argues that no one will ever know what Courbet was really trying to say.Fried believes that it remains an open question, that the poses, their clothes, how far they stand from each other can mean different things. He chooses to believe that Courbet just painted that because he like the scene of two men working in a environment with a lot of dirt. He thinks that Courbets painting can be interpreted as a an act of painting or an image of labor. Each author use the painting as evidence, but Fried seems to use some sort of story that was written about how Courbet was influenced to paint The Stonebreakers. Nochlins just gives us her opinion.Which even though their wasnt a story she had a good point. Even though Fried had facts and showed us that the painting can be seen as in either way I still have to agree with Nochlins opinion. Im genuine there are many ways to see the painting but I believe the pain ting comes more to life when you think of it as Courbet wake us how low class society in the mid 1800s manual labor use to be. It reminds me how difficult things use to be back thence and how now we have it way easier. Nochlins just seemed to grab my attention and convinced me more than Frieds point of view. Michelle Cavazos April 19, 2010

Is Global Peace an Illusion

Q. 6 Over several centuries, the collaborative goal of the world has been to attain the harmony, understanding and mutualist relationships amongst nations that brings peace, security and stability to the world. However, although planetary peace is attainable, much collaborative effort is needed to turn world(prenominal) peace into a reality, instead of keep in a world of deception where global peace is merely a false belief.Therefore, the world aims to attain global peace via supranational efforts and private contributions, to counter the problems that prevents global peace of being attained, such as collectable to the lack of understanding and collaboration between nations, as well as due to selfish demands and the lack of initiative from individuals to make it work. Some people may think that global peace is simply too good to be uncoiled due to the lack of collaboration and understanding between nations.As the people of different nations have their own set of ideologies an d beliefs, this leads to conflicting ideologies between nations which could spark an international dispute such as in the case of the cold war which occurred between the United States of America which practiced capitalism, as well as the Soviet Union which practiced communism. This vast difference in belief thus led to conflicts between the nations, which sparked feelings of hatred and resentment between the people of the two nations. This prevented the success of efforts to call for further global peace.Additionally, differing interests of the nation could lead to violence, as well as terrorism, such as in the case of the Bali Bombings in 2005 which involved a terrorist group, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) of Al Qaeda. They bombed specific tourist sites in Bali to display their displeasure towards people of another nation, as well as to rebel against the newly adopted popular practice. This led to great instability within the country, as well as many people from around the world to feel d ubious ab aside the Indonesians in general.This led to an even greater segregation as well as isolation of the Malay race and Muslim religion as they were thought to be terrorists, deterring the progress of the world to achieve global peace and harmony. Secondly, the lack of individual initiative to push for greater global peace leads to the inefficiency of the world to achieve global peace. As individuals make up the largest percentage of the country, they have arguably the most influence to ensure that efforts to achieve global peace are successful. Hence, individuals are the get wind driving force for the achievement of global peace, and not relying solely on governmental efforts.However, as many individuals are simply pushing the responsibility to the government, global peace cannot be achieved However, commendable efforts have been made by international organizations (IGOs) and governments to make global peace a reality, which includes international governmental organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Such organizations aim to promote regional and international peace and stability, and to promote active collaboration and mutual help between countries which would foster stronger bonds, thus promoting harmony between nations.An example is when the UN started the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to alleviate income inequality between nations to prevent conflict between nations due to growing income disparity between the rich and the poor. On 1 December 2000, the United Nations General Assembly in addition adopted a dissolving agent on the role of diamonds in fuelling conflict, breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict, as a contribution to prevention and dependency of conflicts.The ASEAN-Korea Summit in 2009 also contributed to greater understanding between the countries involved, and thus helped to bridge differences. Hence, international effo rts by IGOs, along with the cooperation from respective governments, are able to surface the way towards attaining global peace and harmony by promoting mutual understanding between nations which would promote the forging of strong bonds between the nations, instead of conflicts due to differences in beliefs.In conclusion, although global peace is able to be attained, it is not able to be sustained for a long period of time. Global peace is also not able to be achieved universally as efforts to call for peace are inadequate as lack sufficient support from the people in the world. Thus, the ephemeral nature of peace inevitably causes global peace to be nothing but a false belief, seemingly attainable yet out of reach.

Family and Tough Times

1. Why are communities distinguished to families during tough-minded times? Communities are important because as a whole they help each other out through bad times, & look out for one another kind of handle a family. They are almost like a support group who filter to help you the best way that they can whether its giving or selling inexpensive items cooking a free meal, etc. 2. How can parents help children understand the changes that families experience during tough times?Explaining the situation is a pop up , telling your child a positive such as we will be able to spend more time together is one , & in effect(p) reiterating that we wont be able to spend a band of money & the more we can get for less the better. Although, stating that this is not their fault & calm down them that everything will be okay. 3. How can losing a job or having a change in the economic status of the family affect a parent? A lot, not only just income but it could take a toll on the familys mood. This also could cut back on a lot of going on out which means more staying at home.Also, struggling to pay bills & feed your family, the stress of it all. 4. Can positive aspects come out of tough times for families? Why or why not? Yes, it can show families how to be there for each other through rough times & how to fetch closer. 5. What do you think the families in the video are doing well in terms of dealing with tough times? They are pointing out the positives & finding solutions to conform such a drastic change. 6. What do you think you would do as a parent if you were faced with one of the situations presented in the video? I would try to keep positive too & just try to find a solution till I got back on my feet.

Enhancement (Philosophy) Essay

Cognitive get upment is the improvement of 1s mental capacity and or mental attributes such(prenominal) as personality, where it is considered optional and not medically necessary (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012). Enhancement is nurse put outent to treatment as treatment is linked to the curing of an illness, whereas enhancement is merely astir(p) an already medically healthy body or mind, however, at times it is quite difficult to draw a line between the two (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012).Types of enhancements embarrass improving ones athletic abilities finished the use of steroids, undergoing cosmetic surgery which is deemed medically unnecessary, or, reducing ones need to sleep through the consumption of drugs such as Provigil. Enhancements bottomland even encompass things that ar commonly availed of every day, such as the consumption of caffeine (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012).There are many ethical and practical concerns in relation to cognitive enhancement and whether or not it should be allowed such as Authenticity (Keeping true to oneself), which is a key concern , with both proponents and opponents of cognitive enhancement interpreting authenticity in different ways (Parens, 2005). Two ethical role models hand over developed which get a line to answer the un authoritativetys raised by cognitive enhancement and indeed enhancement in general, these frameworks are known as the existentialist model (Self creation) and the Rousseauean model (Gratitude) (Parens, 2005).These frameworks differ on whether or not cognitive enhancement should be allowed, the existentialist model being in favour of cognitive enhancement and the Rousseauean model irrelevant to the application of it (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012). Along with authenticity there are other major ethical concerns that could arise from the widespread use of cognitive enhancing methods, namely drugs (Butcher, 2003). Such concerns take a possible increase in the gap between rich and poor and the hatchway of the loss of values, namely the value of hard work, which helps make a human being what they are (Butcher, 2003).Philosophers and indeed people in general who favour the existentialist model value autonomy greatly and therefore think that so long as a human being does not harm another, they should be free to do with their body or mind what they please. If these things may be quite ridiculous and inadvisable, existentialist still recollect that they should be condoned, so long as the person in question is well apprised on the issue (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012).There is also a view that Humans not only shoot the ability but may also have the responsibility to enhance their condition, not only through normal everyday enhancements but also through artificial means, which are not seen as qualitatively different (within existentialist circles) to everyday enhancements (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012). There are, however, some problems with this framework. For instance, in many moorages the individual who is given a cognitive enhancement, is not always fully sovereign (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012).This is the case in many poor urban areas in the United States, in many schools in these areas up to a third of boys now take Ritalin, even though a large portion of them do not suffer from ADHD (Farah et al. 2004). Using enhancements to simply subdue easily distracted and restiff children could be seen as ethically wrong, this is because a large percentage of children simply are naturally unruly and easily distracted (Farah et al. 2004).To change this, could be seen as changing the personality of the child in question to such an extent that they are essentially no longer the same child, here we see the question of authenticity rise again (Parens, 2005). It is in situations such as these that we see a clear divide between the two frameworks. Most proponents of framework one (self-creation) would be in favour of this sort of cognitive enhancement as they would view the child as essentially the same person, only improved, while the opponents of this framework hold a different belief (Parens, 2005).Proponents of framework two, or the Rousseauean model, place huge importance in the value of the given (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012). In other words, they believe we should not tamper past our natural potential. This however gives rise to problematic questions, such as, where can we draw the line between natural and artificial enhancements? (Schmidt-Felzmann, 2012). exemplar two argues that cognitive enhancement ignores fundamental facts about the human mind and its limits, it asserts that these limits should be respected. These beliefs could also be seen as a breach of authenticity.When we think of the effectuate that cognitive enhancement could have on human authenticity we think of the effects it might have on the identity of an individual. While this is main(prenominal), it is also important to look at the human race as a whole and how cognitive enhancement and enhancement in general might affect its authenticity. From the lapidate Age right up to the current social age, humans have constantly strove to improve themselves and their quality of life. In recognition of this, it could be argued that to not enhance our current state of being would be in violation of our nature and of our identity as human beings.When this view is taken it becomes clear that the Rousseauean model can also lead to a breach in authenticity, this, along with other reasons is perhaps why a large portion of philosophers show a certain level of ambivalence towards the two frameworks when it comes to major ethical matters (Parens, 2005). Enhancement, cognitive enhancement in particular, raises many ethical concerns. As already discussed, authenticity is a fix concern, however there are also other important matters which need to be considered before any decision is made on whether or not cognitive enhancement should be allowed.For instance, the introduction of cognitive enhancing dr ugs could lead to a widening in the gap between rich and poor (Butcher, 2003). This would be that case as such drugs would likely be out of reach (financially) to the lower classes of society. In the long term further problems would arise, as the poor would likely have little or no access to these cognitive enhancing drugs, the upper class would essentially develop into generally more(prenominal) intelligent beings. This would make it far harder for a member of the lower class to compete for college places or jobs (Butcher, 2003).It has been argued, however, that the risk of a widening of the gap between the wealthy and the poor should not be a factor to stand against the introduction of cognitive enhancers as enhancers such as third level education already do this (Butcher, 2003). Another ethical issue is the possibility of the loss of the value of hard work (Butcher, 2003). While this may not seem like such a pressing issue, one must first fully consider the implications this ma y have in the long term. Humans may use there increased level of intelligence irresponsibly due to a lack of experience gained from having to work hard to overcome obstacles.Along with these issues the sentry duty of such drugs is also an important matter (Farah et al. 2004). It is clear from these observations that the possibility of distribution of cognitive enhancers amongst the public is a very contentious issue, which makes the question Should cognitive enhancement be allowed? a very difficult one to answer. In my opinion, cognitive enhancement should be allowed, although only under certain conditions. The production of such enhancers should be undertaken only by the government so as to checker the fair and equal distribution of cognitive enhancers amongst all social classes.Drugs should be extensively tested before mainstream introduction in order to assure the safety of the product. These measures may, however, not be enough. Governments would have the means to manipulate the public by introducing other properties to cognitive enhancing drugs, For instance they could use certain ingredients to create a more patriotic and docile community this would be a prime concern in politically unstable countries or in those of communist leanings.Should the entire population of a country regularly take a drug, which was deemed essential to take, untold damage could be done to the human condition. A world without free depart could develop, with the world population under the control of one drug, and those who produced it. Perhaps the cognition of the human race is not yet evolved enough to consider its enhancement. Bibliography Parens, Erik. (2005) Authenticity and ambivalence Toward Understanding the Enhancement debate Hastings Center Report, Vol. 35, Number 3, May-June, pp.34-41. Schmidt-Felzmann, Heike. (2010) Personal Identity and Human constitution The Enhancement Debate, Heike Schmidt-Felzmann 12/10/12. Philosophical questions & issues. online. easy at https//nuigalway. blackboard. com/webapps/portal/frameset. jsp? tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_31108_1%26url%3D%252Fwebapps%252Fblackboard%252Fexecute%252FdisplayIndividualContent%253Fmode%253Dview%2526content_id%253D_419734_1%2526course_id%253D_31108_1 (Accessed 03/12/12.)Butcher, James. (2003) Cognitive enhancement raises ethical concerns The Lancet, Vol 362 (9378) p. p 132133. Farah, Martha J. Illes, Judy. Cook-Deegan, Robert. Gardner, Howard. Kandel, Eric. King, Patricia. Parens, Eric. Sahakian, Barbara & Root Wolpe, Paul. (2004) Neurocognitive enhancement what can we do and what should we do? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol 5. P. p 421-425.

Management of People at Work

hearty Inventions of groups of people working to achieve their goals 2. Goal Accomplishment- Individual assembled to achieve goals that cannot be done by one military personnel alone 3. Group Effort By combining as a team, they can thus work efficiently to achieve goals What is Organizational Behavior? Attitudes and behaviors of person and group in organizations. Involves systematic study of these attitudes and behaviors, and should be of interest to all students of management Why study ABHOR? 1. It is interesting 2. It Is Important as It helps us be to a greater extent efficient . actualises a difference because good companies are the one practicing It ABHOR goals 1. Predicting Peoples Behavior Predicting what people wants to do in work spirit 2. Explaining Behavior- Explain why people work in different way 3. Managing it- The art of getting things accomplished via others. If It can be predicted, It can be managed azoic Prescription 2 phases to pursue correct way to manage orga nization 1. Sass, managers believe high specialization of labor, intensive coordination, centralized decision making to earn issue (Classical View- Authoritative) 2.Hawthorne Studies ?Human relations movement was critique of classical management and bureaucracy that advocated management styles that were more participative and oriented toward employee needs (Participative) Contingency Approach This start out recognize there Is no best method depends on situation- No best method What Managers do? 1. Managerial Roles vary with management level and organizational technology 2. Inter own(prenominal) Roles- Roles that are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relations. Figurehead roles and spokesperson roles 3. Decisional Roles- Makes decision and the negotiator roleManagerial Activities 1. Routine communications (Exchange Info, handle paperwork with people) 2. handed-down Management (Planning, Decision Making) 3. Networking (Socializing, politicking) 4. Human Resource Managem ent (Managing Conflict, Staffing, training and development) One of the most fascinating perplexings is how emphasis on these various activities relates to management success. People who encourage faster tends to do more networking and less human resource management. However, if success is successful managers are those who devote more time and effort to human resource management and less networking.Managerial Agendas Successful Managers has similar patterns via Agenda Setting, Networking and Agenda 1 . Agenda Setting- Managers tend to develop agendas of what they want to accomplish for organization. Usually In make foral unwritten, more concerned with people issues and less numerical than most formal strategic plans 2. Networking- Managers established wide formal and informal network of key people inside and outside of organization to ensure cooperation inside and outside. 3. Agenda implementation- Managers use networks to implement agendas. They will go anywhere to obtain assist ance. Managerial MindsIntuition- Problem identification and drub issues in a systematic manner International Managers- National Culture is one of the most important contingency variables with more ideas Contemporary Management Concerns 1. alteration Local and Global-With more diversity, people need to be treated fairly and equally so that issues can be solved 2. Employee- Organization Relationship Downsizing, Restructuring engineering science have been having lots of consequences of employees, lower Job satisfaction, lower morale, trust ETC. ABHOR tells its important that managers can manage these issues positively 3. Focus on quality, zipper andFlexibility Increasing competition states Organizations have to do things faster because there is a greater need for quality, speed and flexibility to maintain standard 4. Employee Recruitment and Retention- Organizations find it difficult to sustain skilled employees in their workforce. Lack of skilled labor is a big issue for organi zations and its expected to get worse as indulge boomers begin to retire. Recruitment process then has to be more effective to find these employees Personality and Learning Personality Stable set of psychological characteristic that influence the way individual interact with his or her environment.It is reflected in the way people react to other people, situations and problems. Personality and Organization behavior Individuals possess inactive traits or characteristic. Interactions approach, ABHOR is a function of dispositions and situation. 5 Factor model of Personality Extroversion/Neurotics/Agreeableness/Conscientiousness/Openness to Experience Evidence state that big 5 is related to Job performance. High conscientiousness is related to performance for all occupations and the best predictor of performance of all big 5. It is alike related to motivation, Job satisfaction and career success Locus ofControl- Beliefs that ones behavior is controlled by external force or internal Self Monitoring- Attitude of beingness aware of surrounding or not -High self monitors tend to be more involved in Jobs and to perform at a higher level. These Jobs usually includes sales, law, public relations and politics Self Esteem by surroundings. Higher Self Esteem tend to view world more optimistically. Proactive Personality- overbearing affectively tends to report world as having less stress Greater Self-Efficacy Trait that refers to individual belief that in his own capability to do well careless(predicate) of situation.They tend to have higher Job satisfaction, higher Job performance. Core Self Evaluation- Self Esteem/Self-Efficacy/Locus of control/ neurotics What is Learning? When practice or experience leads to a permanent change in behavior. We assume that learning has occurred when individual behavior change. 4 characters- Practical/ Interpersonal/elementariness/Cultural Awareness 4 types -Job Specific Skills/ Knowledge/ Technical Competence Operant Learning Theo ry- Subjects learns to operate on environment to achieve certain(prenominal) consequences. Operant Leaning can be used to increase or reduce luck of behavior Increasing the Probability of BehaviorPromoting behavior is reinforcement?By which Stimuli strengthen behaviors. 2 Behaviors are domineering reinforcement/Negative reinforcement Positive Reinforcement- Increase or maintain probability of some behavior, this sends to be pleasant stimuli Negative Reinforcement- Increase or maintains probability of some behavior by removing them in the situation. Tends to be unpleasant experience Organizational Errors Involving Reinforcement 1. Confusing Rewards with Reinforces Stating why rewards are given clearly 2. Neglecting assortment in Preference for Reinforces -Provide the right benefits-Workaholic may not like holidays 3. Neglecting Important sources of reinforcement Feedback is good to let people know how well or dismal they have done 4. Reinforcement strategies Reducing Probabili ty of Behavior 1. Extinction- Limiting bad attitudes e. G- shorter breaks etc 2. Punishments Provide punishment deduct pay etc 3. Using punishments effectively?Make sure punishment is truly aversive/punish immediately/do not reward behaviors before/after punishments 4. Do not punish in demand(predicate) behavior Punishments can be effective to stop unwanted behavior and hence extinguish unwanted response.Reinforcing good behaviors is better than punishing bad behaviors Social Cognitive Theory Human behavior can be best explained through system of triadic reciprocal . Albert Bandeau social cognitive theory involves 3 parts 1. Modeling Copying others behavior, some can learn by copying others 2. Self-Efficacy- beliefs people have on their ability to successfully perform the task. 3. Self-regulation- regulating oneself 1. Organizational behavior modification Systematic use of learning principles Can use all 3, money positive feedback to improve returns 2. Employee RecognitionProgr am Publicly recognize employees- how to recognize, type of behavior encouraged, manner of public acknowledgement, token of recognition 3. Training program Positive effect on learning, skills and Job behaviors help to set goals when rewards sanctions used in trainees work environment 4. Career Development Individual progress through a series of stages which involves certain plans and management component. Perception- Interpreting messages of our sense to provide sight and meaning of environment. Most important cognition that influence organizational behavior are the perceptions of each other Components ofPerception 1. Perceiver Experience/motives/emotions can affect perception 2. Target Ambiguity or lack of target leads of greater need of interpretation of information 3. Situation 1. Social Identity Theory?People form perceptions of themselves based on characteristics based on gender, religion, nationality, religion etc. 2. Model of the Perceptual Process Initially less cues of information from the target but as time passes, it becomes clearer and easier to decipher messages 3. Basic Biases in Person A. Primary Regency Effect Form impressions of others fairly quickly. We tend to read a lot into first impressions.B. corporate trust on Central Traits- We read into others behavior based on their initial impressions C. Implicit Personality Theories- We organize our perceptions of others around the presence of certain traits or personal characteristics of others that are particular interest to us D. Projection?If we are always honest, people tend to believe we are honest E. Stereotype- Putting players into a certain category to Judge their behavior (Page 13) 1. Consistency Cues- How consistent to his goals 2. Consensus Cues- How his actions deviate from social expectations tell us more about his behavior 3. Distinctiveness Cues- How

Freedom and Slavery in “Huckleberry Finn” Essay

The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is a classic American novel, considered by some to be the finest example of American literature. It follows Huck and Jim, a poor randomnessern white boy and a runaway hard worker, as they travel down the Mississippi River in a quest for freedom. sometimes regarded as a simple childrens story, Huckleberry Finn, while still existing on that level, also has an abundance of symbolism and meaning thats not promptly apparent. The novel contains ideas and observations that Twain felt were significant to the culture and the people he was writing to. The primary theme of the book (most appropriate considering the time period in which it was written) is the struggle between freedom and slavery.Huckleberry Finn experiences this struggle as the adults around him attempt to sivilize him and force him to conform to their ideas of appropriate behavior. Witnessing their hypocrisy, their interest in being SEEN as safe(p) respectable people over a ctually BEING good respectable people, Huck instinctively dismisses and rebels against their teachings. He resists being molded into something thats pleasing to others besides not himself, against becoming a slave to the person everyone else wants him to be, forever prevented from expressing who he truly is.Perhaps more literally, Jim also must struggle for freedom. A slave all his life, he becomes a runaway, forced to rely on a white boy whose attitudes and ideas have been molded all his life to view blacks as inferior. Hes struggling against society, which literally attempts to enslave him as someone whose only purpose is to perform his superiors (whites), whose life means nothing more than to serve as a piece of property.Both Jim and Huck fight for their own forms of freedom when all outside forces are trying to enslave them. Both notwithstanding want to be the masters of their own lives and persons, without external control. Not only is this concept a key theme in the novel, but in the South throughout its history.

Module Text Questions Essay

retrospect Questions1. What are the four types of grounds in a criminal investigation?1. Physical Evidence2. gushing(prenominal) Evidence3. Documentary Evidence4. Testimony2. What are several(prenominal) distinctions? Give an example of an individual characteristic? -Individual Characteristics is proof that nonplus special characteristics that make it possible to trace the evidence back to a specialized person, place or item. Some examples are fingerprints, body fluids, tread from shoes, etc. 3. What is the difference between individual characteristics and class characteristics? -The difference between these two are that individual characteristics can be traced to a proper(postnominal) person and be almost exact while Class Characteristics are able to just be associated to a group. 4. What are physical and chemical properties? Give an example of each.-Physical Properties describe a substance or object. For example it could be the size, weight or color of a fragment of glass. -Chemical Properties describe what happen when a chemical reacts with a nonher chemical. For example Heroin with Marquis Reagent turns purple and shows it presence of the drug. 5. What do forensic scientists do to collect and preserve soil samples? To collect the soil they impressions will be photographed with a ruler succeeding(a) to it to show the dimensions. To preserve the soil samples a whole shoe whitethorn be taken to the research lab to probe.Critical Thinking Questions1. Why do you think forensic scientists are so careful that the tests they do are cutting, reproducible, and specific? What might happen if they were less careful close to this? -The tests are so sensitive because if something is not accurate it could change the outcome of a case. They must make sure that all test results are accurate a reproduce the same results multiple times for it to be reliable. 2. Which type of evidence do you think is most useful in an investigation? Why? -I think physical evidenc e is more important because it can be tested against suspects and establish what happened during the crime. 3. Why do you think that forensic scientists continue to look forclass characteristics given their limitations? I think they continue to look for class characteristics because all the same if they are hard to come by when you find them the can give great details about the crime.4. What do you think would be some of the challenges in collecting and preserving impressions? Why? Making casts of an impression may be difficult because if it is in mud it could distort the tracks. 5. If you were on a jury, do you think you would watch individual characteristics in the evidence? Why or why not? What effects might it have if individuals expect to have individuals characteristics presented? -No, because most of the time criminals are very careful to make sure not to leave evidence of being there. If you expect there to be individual evidence you may be completely mislead during the wh ole case.

The Stereotypical Image of the American Soldier

Military supremacy is what makes a nation a superpowerwith the fall of the Soviet Union, the united States of America is undeniably the only superpower left in the world. No other country at the present world can come close to Americas military prowess.Because the foot spend is the basic unit of the military, their image is of utmost importance. However, ilk most professions, there be stereotypes related to the American soldier. These stereotypes, used as propaganda to intimidate the forces of the enemy, may be traced back to the Second World War or maybe earlier (Snellman).Since wars are not that encouraged anymore, the image of the American soldier has been shaped in general by media, which also paved the way for stereotypes on the American soldier to develop. Stereotypes Because the world has not a seen a major, full-scale, and closely contested war since Vietnam or Korea (Wars after those were mostly one-sided), the image of the American soldier has not been covered as much as they were during times of major conflicts. Movies provided the civilians with an alternative into developing their perceptions regarding the American pass.Sadly, these perceptions that the public has come up with are stereotypical and sometimes offensive. The American Soldier as a White Male When we first think of the visual image of the American soldier, the first thing that we would hypothecate is that of a white male.An American soldier is usually visualized as white, standing bravely with a gun on his hand. This is the case because of two things. First, the whites are considered as the majority race in the US, so the chances of a soldier being white are quite high.Second, the American soldier is also belief to be white most of the time because of the history of the USIn the past up until the genteel Rights Act of 1964 and maybe until now, the blacks were discriminated greatly.This translated into the white soldier as the image of the American soldier, even if the African- Americans played an alpha role during the Civil War. The American soldier is also stereotyped as a male manifestly because our society is generally a patriarchal society despite the rise of feminism. The American soldier is sentiment (and should be) to be strong physically.Being physically strong is not an attribute that is associated with women, thus creating the image of the American soldier as masculine. The American Soldier from the Lower Class A job in the force has neer been a glamorous or desired job for the public.Enlisting in the host is stereotyped as a last resort to earn a living because the person cannot afford to go to college or hail a high paying job. There is some element of truth into this stereotype because this scenario is usually the case. However, that does not mean that all soldiers are from poor economic backgrounds.Some of them may really want to join the legions despite having other bigger opportunities as a civilian. This stereotype may also have s urfaced because the army does not even require a high school diploma (Army. com). The American Soldier as an Independent, Self-reliant, and Assertive Individual Despite being part of the most powerful (in force and number) and advanced army in the world, the American soldier, when he or she is by him- or herself, is stereotyped as independent, self-reliant, and assertive, as they ought to be.The force of the army is measured by the saturation of its soldiers. If even one of its soldiers does not possess the said traits, the strength of the army maybe compromised. Therefore, the public thinks extremely of our soldiers as having all those traits mentioned.Sometimes, while practicing their independence or by trying to assert themselves, soldiers may be branded as raptorial, but it is only their eagerness to be independent and assertive that they become stereotyped as aggressive.The public expects the American soldier to be aggressive because they are supposed to be combat-ready all the time. The American Soldier as a Strict, Stiff, and likewise Disciplined Person Discipline is one of the core values of the military. Army personnel are anticipate to conduct themselves properly at all times, but that does not mean that they are always like that even when they are not on duty. Media have portrayed our soldiers as being as well as strict, too conscious about discipline, and stiff in their movements, even (or especially) the retired ones.This is not a realistic portrayal of the soldiers because it is highly doubtful that they are like that to their families. Although we could expect military men referring to civilians as Sir or Maam, the chances of pose and mother soldiers barking orders at their children and making them do push-ups, crunches, and all those military punishment are slim. The American Soldier as a Grown Man Pictures of American soldiers in the news and especially depictions in movies are almost always a picture of a mature man. Rarely do we see newborn soldiers slugging it out on the screen.This stereotype of the American soldier is partly accepted and partly falsetrue because today, even if the army does not even require a high school diploma, it is mostly the experienced men that go out into the field, and false because during the previous wars, a lot of young men were hale into battle because of the scarcity in military personnel. Now, young men are no longer obligate into action because the army has a lot of experienced men ready to battle all the time. result The American soldier is one of the enduring images of patriotism in the United States.The American soldiers image has developed stereotypes through the years because of media coverage and portrayals in films. This has led the public into coming up with stereotypes that are now synonymous to the term American Soldier.Works CitedSnellman, Pekka. The Grunt Analysis of a Stereotype. Power haughtiness and Politics in American English. 22 March 2006.University o f Tampere. 27 March 2009. . Army. com.Requirements to Join the US Army. 27 March 2009 .

Philosophy and Critical Thinking Skills

What Is Your Philosophy Georgette Duropan PHL/215 April 11,2012 Ryan Shriver What Is Your Philosophy? According to Merriam Webster (2012), Epistemology is the study or a theory of the nature and understanding of knowledge, especially with reference to its limits and validity. In my essay I will ante up you a description approximately the approaches to philosophical questions for each of the major philosophical areas of inquiry, and explanation of how philosophy and culture move in the developing of thought.I will also give an explanation of why the selected philosophy best describes my identification of cultural factors that influenced my excerpt of philosophy. The Divisions of Philosophy falls into four areas, such as Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics (moral philosophy, social philosophy, political philosophy, and aesthetics), and Logic. Metaphysics has more to do with being or existence. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge and wants to know the truth. Ethics covers four different areas. Moral philosophy is the study of moral judgments.Social philosophy is the study of society and its institutions. Political philosophy focuses on the state and seeks to determine, comely organization. Aesthetics, study of art, and of value judgment. Making a statement to me will get me to use my critical thought process skills. I for one do one believe every involvement I am told until sold proof, facts, or reason out suffer been turn up. This falls into the same perspective on how philosophy and culture interact in the outgrowth of thought. How pile choose to use their words when trying to explain something to me makes a big difference.Often times I can mistakenly misinterpret what the speaker is trying to say. In other words, something cannot be a legitimate fact and a false fact in a sentence. I call this contradicting. However, two people coming from two different backgrounds or from two different cultures might say the same thing but mean the opposite. Using your critical thinking skills on how explanation of how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought needs to be dug into and come out with solid proof, facts, or reasoning tramp the statement.The major philosophical area of inquiry that best describes me is Epistemology. As I have mentioned above I am the kind of person where I need to have solid proof, facts, or reasoning before I believe something someone is trying to tell me. Because Epistemology is the theory of knowledge questions associate to Epistemology are What is truth? and Is it possible to know anything with absolute certainty? The more you know, the more you are equal to learn and grow.Knowledge is power. Epistemology has to do a lot on how one thinks. When I think I desire to go deep into though, therefore I rely on my own experiences as a reference. If I had none the only way to find out the truth is to experience it for my self. Some cultural factors that influenced my pickaxe of philos ophy specifically Epistemology is the Japanese cultural. For the New Years Japanese believes that consuming noodles will give you a long live because the noodles are longs.Although this is not a proven factor I do see a lot of older Japanese people consuming noodles. These people look sanguine and strong therefore I just believed that noodles does give you along life. Another cultural factor that influenced my excerption is the Filipino culture. My husband is pure Filipino and is originally from the Philippines. His mother, my mother in law told me that saving the original washing of the rice and use that first washing of the rice body of water to water the orchidaceous plants will helper sustain the life of the orchid plant.Because I am the kind of person that needs to have things proven to me I asked my mother in law to water one orchid with regular water and other orchid with the first washing of the rice water. Both orchids were of the same family of orchid types. After tw o months the orchid that was watered with the first washing of the rice produce two times as much more flowers then the regular watered orchid and the flowers from the first washing of the rice lasted about two times longer.Some may think that this is coincidence, however after continuously watering the orchids with the first washing of the rice water versus regular results have spoken for itself. In conclusion, I discussed the definition of Epistemology, the approaches to philosophical questions for each of the major philosophical areas of inquiry, and explanation of how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought.And I also gave an explanation of why the selected philosophy best describes my identification of cultural factors that influenced my choice of philosophy. Wanting to have solid proof, facts, or reasoning behind a question that is given is not a bad thing. This just shows that you obtaining answering behind a question will give you more knowledge. Knowle dge is power References Merriam webster. (2012). Retrieved from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/epistemology

Christian liberty Essay

According to the page, Martin Luthers argument revolves somewhat two basic proposition of liberty. Which states that A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, contentedness to none (Luther). By this statement he meant that once a person is freed by Jesus Christ, at that place shouldnt be any otherwise thing that would consume a true dominion on the person on earth. So if Jesus sets you free, indeed you are freed. He explained that man has two folds reputation the inner soul, the spiritual and the carnal, outward flesh.A Christian does not become righteous by doing anything that has to do with flesh but only by the faith in Jesus. Nothing on earth should have any influence on Christian liberty. The second principle was that a Christian man is the roughly dutiful servant of all, and subject to everyone (Luther). The two propositions appeared to be contradictory but Luther was able to explain farther on both making it clear. He asserts that only one thing alone is necessary fo r a Christian liberty and that is the Gospel of Christ.He defines Christian liberty as the freedom from the law position it that the law is not meant for a righteous man. It is the belief in Christ that brings peace and liberty. While liberty of the soul and its justification comes by faith alone and not by work, he said it is unequivocal that by no outward work or labor can the inward man be at all justified, made free, and saved (Luther). In conclusion, Freedom comes when one belief in the intelligence activity of God, that is ones soul get freed and one become saved.Whereas, one get liberty later one has believed wholeheartedly in the Gospel of Christ, it is the word of God that teaches liberty. The freedoms mentioned by Martin Luther all have an division in common they are all divine freedoms from things of the world. In contrast, Christians should be voluntary servants to God and other men, motivated by love for God and the changes made by salvation. Reference Luther M, C oncerning Christian Liberty. Retrieved May 09, 2010 From http//homepage. mac. com/shanerosenthal/reformationink/mlchrlib. htm